1學習目標
學完這一課,你應該要會:
- 說出各助動詞的主要用途:can/could 表能力與請求、may 表許可、may/might 表可能、must 表必須與推測、should 表建議、have to 表外部必須。
- 掌握助動詞後接原形動詞的規則(不加 to、不加 -s、不加 -ing)。
- 分辨 must not(禁止)與 don't have to(不必)的關鍵差異。
- 使用 can 表現在能力;could 表過去能力或客氣請求。
- 使用 May I...? / Could you...? 等句型表達請求。
- 使用 should 表建議,must / have to 表必須。
2先備知識
開始這一課之前,請先確認你已經理解:
- 【第 2 課】be 動詞 am / is / are。
- 【第 5 課】人稱代名詞的主格與受格。
- 【第 7 課】名詞可數與不可數。
- 【第 11 課】現在簡單式與三單主詞動詞變化。
- 【第 13 課】過去簡單式。
- 【第 16 課】現在完成式。
- 【第 18 課】形容詞與連綴動詞。
- 【第 19 課】副詞的用法。
- 【第 20 課】頻率副詞。
- 【第 21 課】比較級的形成(harder、more 的用法)。
- 【第 22 課】最高級與 as...as。
3核心概念
① 助動詞家族與用途
• can:能力(會)、請求(可以嗎)
• could:過去能力(曾經會)、客氣請求
• may:許可(可以)、可能性(也許)
• might:較保留、不確定的可能性(也許、有可能)
• must:必須、肯定推測(一定)
• should:建議(應該)
• have to:外部必須(不得不)
• can:能力(會)、請求(可以嗎)
• could:過去能力(曾經會)、客氣請求
• may:許可(可以)、可能性(也許)
• might:較保留、不確定的可能性(也許、有可能)
• must:必須、肯定推測(一定)
• should:建議(應該)
• have to:外部必須(不得不)
② 助動詞後接原形動詞
所有助動詞(can / could / may / might / must / should)後面都接原形動詞:
• She can swim.(不是 can to swim、不是 can swims)
• You should study hard.(不是 should to study)
• He must go now.(不是 must goes、不是 must to go)
所有助動詞(can / could / may / might / must / should)後面都接原形動詞:
• She can swim.(不是 can to swim、不是 can swims)
• You should study hard.(不是 should to study)
• He must go now.(不是 must goes、不是 must to go)
🔑 易錯警示:助動詞後面不加 to(can to swim ❌)、不加 -s(can swims ❌)、不加 -ing(can swimming ❌)。have to 裡的 to 是不定詞標記,to 後面接原形動詞。
③ can vs could(能力與請求)
• can 表現在能力:I can speak English.(我會說英文)
• could 表過去能力:When I was five, I could ride a bike.(我五歲時會騎腳踏車)
• Could you...? 比 Can you...? 更客氣:Could you help me?(能幫幫我嗎?)
• can 表現在能力:I can speak English.(我會說英文)
• could 表過去能力:When I was five, I could ride a bike.(我五歲時會騎腳踏車)
• Could you...? 比 Can you...? 更客氣:Could you help me?(能幫幫我嗎?)
④ may 表許可;may / might 表可能性
• May I...? 表請求許可(較正式):May I borrow your pen?(我可以借你的筆嗎?)
• may / might 表可能性:It may rain tomorrow.(明天也許會下雨)
• might 常讓語氣較保留、不確定:It might snow.(也許會下雪)
• May I...? 表請求許可(較正式):May I borrow your pen?(我可以借你的筆嗎?)
• may / might 表可能性:It may rain tomorrow.(明天也許會下雨)
• might 常讓語氣較保留、不確定:It might snow.(也許會下雪)
💡 may 和 might 表可能性時經常可以互換;might 有時較保留,但不能只靠「機率高低」判定唯一答案。can 也可表請求許可(Can I...?),語氣比 May I...? 口語、較不正式,兩者文法都成立。
⑤ must vs have to(必須)
• must:主觀認為必須、強烈要求:You must wear a helmet.(你必須戴安全帽)
• have to:外部規定或情況迫使:I have to get up early.(我必須早起——外部因素)
兩者在許多語境中可互換使用,差異主要在語感強弱。
• must:主觀認為必須、強烈要求:You must wear a helmet.(你必須戴安全帽)
• have to:外部規定或情況迫使:I have to get up early.(我必須早起——外部因素)
兩者在許多語境中可互換使用,差異主要在語感強弱。
💡 have to 隨主詞變化:I/You/We/They have to,He/She/It has to。must 不隨主詞變化。
⑥ must not vs don't have to(關鍵差異!)
• must not=禁止(不可以):You must not smoke here.(這裡禁止吸菸)
• don't have to=不必(不需要):You don't have to wear a tie.(不必打領帶——不強制)
• must not=禁止(不可以):You must not smoke here.(這裡禁止吸菸)
• don't have to=不必(不需要):You don't have to wear a tie.(不必打領帶——不強制)
🔑 這是會考最愛考的陷阱!must not 是「禁止」,don't have to 是「不必」,意思幾乎相反。
⑦ should 表建議
• You should drink more water.(你應該多喝水)
• You shouldn't eat too much candy.(你不應該吃太多糖果)
should 用來給建議或表達「正確的做法」,語氣比 must 溫和。
• You should drink more water.(你應該多喝水)
• You shouldn't eat too much candy.(你不應該吃太多糖果)
should 用來給建議或表達「正確的做法」,語氣比 must 溫和。
⑧ must 表肯定推測
根據明確證據做高度確信的推測時,可用 must + 原形動詞:
• The lights are on. Tom must be home.(燈亮著,Tom 一定在家。)
• Amy got the highest score. She must be very happy.(Amy 得到最高分,她一定很開心。)
根據明確證據做高度確信的推測時,可用 must + 原形動詞:
• The lights are on. Tom must be home.(燈亮著,Tom 一定在家。)
• Amy got the highest score. She must be very happy.(Amy 得到最高分,她一定很開心。)
🔑 推測用的 must not 通常不是「一定不」;初學階段表達強烈否定推測,使用 can't:Tom is in Japan, so he can't be at home.
4句型公式
公式① 助動詞 + 原形動詞
can / could / may / might / must / should + 原形動詞
例如:She can swim. / You should study hard. / He must go now.
公式② 助動詞 + not + 原形動詞(否定)
助動詞 + not + 原形動詞
例如:You must not smoke. / You should not be late. / I can't swim.
公式③ May I / Could you + 原形...?(請求)
May I + 原形...? / Could you + 原形...?
例如:May I borrow your pen? / Could you help me, please?
公式④ have to / has to + 原形動詞
I/You/We/They have to + 原形;He/She/It has to + 原形
例如:I have to go now. / She has to wear a uniform.
公式⑤ must 表肯定推測
明確證據 + must + 原形動詞
例如:The lights are on. Tom must be home.
5基礎例句
規則① can / could 表能力
My sister can swim very well.
我妹妹很會游泳。
文法分析:can 表現在能力,後接原形 swim。
When I was five, I could ride a bike.
我五歲時會騎腳踏車。
文法分析:could 表過去能力,後接原形 ride。
I can't speak French.
我不會說法語。
文法分析:can't = cannot,表不能、不會。
規則② may 表許可;may / might 表可能
May I borrow your pen?
我可以借你的筆嗎?
文法分析:May I...? 表請求許可,後接原形 borrow。
It may rain tomorrow.
明天也許會下雨。
文法分析:may 表可能性,後接原形 rain。
She might come to the party.
她可能會來參加派對。
文法分析:might 表較保留、不確定的可能性,後接原形 come。
規則③ must / have to 表必須
You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorcycle.
騎摩托車時你必須戴安全帽。
文法分析:must 表必須,後接原形 wear。
I have to get up early tomorrow.
我明天必須早起。
文法分析:have to 表外部必須,後接原形 get。
She has to wear a uniform to school.
她必須穿制服上學。
文法分析:She 是三單主詞,have to → has to。
規則④ must not vs don't have to
You must not smoke in the hospital.
醫院裡禁止吸菸。
文法分析:must not 表禁止(不可以)。
You don't have to wear a tie to the party.
派對上不必打領帶。
文法分析:don't have to 表不必(不強制)。
You don't have to pay for the tickets. They are free.
你不必付門票錢,它們是免費的。
文法分析:don't have to 表不必(不強制),不是禁止。
規則⑤ should 表建議
You should drink more water.
你應該多喝水。
文法分析:should 表建議,後接原形 drink。
You shouldn't eat too much candy.
你不應該吃太多糖果。
文法分析:shouldn't = should not,表不應該。
Could you help me with my homework, please?
能請你幫我看功課嗎?
文法分析:Could you...? 表客氣請求,後接原形 help。
規則⑥ must 表肯定推測
The lights are on. Tom must be home.
燈亮著,Tom 一定在家。
文法分析:根據燈亮著的證據,以 must be 表達高度確信的推測。
Amy got the highest score. She must be very happy.
Amy 得到最高分,她一定很開心。
文法分析:根據最高分這項證據,推測 Amy 很開心。
The ground is wet. It must have rained.
地面是溼的,剛才一定下過雨。
文法分析:must have + 過去分詞可推測過去;此例用來辨認語意,本課練習仍以 must + 原形為主。
6正確 vs. 錯誤比較
釐清助動詞最常見的錯誤:後接原形、must not vs don't have to、can vs could。
❌ She can to swim very well.
錯誤原因:助動詞 can 後面接原形動詞,不加 to。
⭕ She can swim very well.
can + 原形 swim。
❌ He can swims very fast.
錯誤原因:助動詞 can 後面接原形,不加 -s。
⭕ He can swim very fast.
can + 原形 swim(不加 -s)。
❌ You should to study harder.
錯誤原因:助動詞 should 後面接原形動詞,不加 to。
⭕ You should study harder.
should + 原形 study。
❌ You must not smoke here. = You don't have to smoke here.
錯誤原因:must not 是「禁止」,don't have to 是「不必」,意思不同。
⭕ You must not smoke here.(禁止)≠ You don't have to smoke here.(不必)
must not =不可以;don't have to =不強制。
❌ She have to wear a uniform.
錯誤原因:She 是三單主詞,have to 要改為 has to。
⭕ She has to wear a uniform.
三單主詞 → has to。
❌ May you help me with my homework?
錯誤原因:May 通常用於第一人稱請求許可(May I...?),不用於第二人稱請求幫忙。
⭕ Could you help me with my homework?
請求別人幫忙用 Could you / Can you。
❌ I must studying for the test.
錯誤原因:助動詞 must 後面接原形動詞,不加 -ing。
⭕ I must study for the test.
must + 原形 study。
7易混淆觀念
① must not vs don't have to(最重要!)
| 形式 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| must not | 禁止(不可以) | You must not smoke here. |
| don't have to | 不必(不強制) | You don't have to wear a tie. |
🔑 must not 和 don't have to 意思幾乎相反!must not =「不准」,don't have to =「不一定要」。
② must vs have to
| 助動詞 | 語感 | 隨主詞變化 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| must | 主觀必須 | 否 | You must be careful. |
| have to | 外部必須 | 是(has to) | She has to go now. |
💡 兩者在許多語境中可互換使用,差異主要在語感強弱。must 語氣較強,have to 較客觀。
③ can vs could(能力與請求)
| 用法 | can | could |
|---|---|---|
| 能力 | 現在能力 | 過去能力 |
| 請求 | Can you...?(口語) | Could you...?(客氣) |
| 例句 | I can swim. | I could swim at age 5. |
④ may vs might(可能性)
| 助動詞 | 常見語氣 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| may | 中性的可能 | It may rain tomorrow. |
| might | 有時較保留、不確定 | It might snow in April. |
💡 may 和 might 都表可能性,兩者常可互換。might 有時較保留,但不是固定的機率刻度;選擇題若只提供模糊語境,不能用「機率高低」硬分答案。
8判斷技巧:助動詞五步走
- 看語意:能力?許可?必須?建議?可能性或高度確信的推測?——對應 can、may、must、should、may/might 或推測用 must。
- 看時態:現在能力用 can,過去能力用 could;have to 隨主詞變化(has to)。
- 檢查助動詞後接原形:不加 to、不加 -s、不加 -ing。
- 分辨 must not 與 don't have to:must not =禁止,don't have to =不必。
- 確認請求句型:May I / Can I / Could I 表請求許可;Can you / Could you 表請求幫忙。
🎯 會考實戰心法:助動詞題最愛考三個陷阱——① 後接原形(can to swim ❌ → can swim ⭕)② must not vs don't have to(禁止 vs 不必)③ have to 隨主詞變化(She has to ⭕)。看到助動詞先檢查後面是不是原形,再看 must not / don't have to 的語意差異。
9基礎練習(10 題)
測驗單一概念:助動詞用途、後接原形、may/might、must not vs don't have to、can vs could。
10進階練習(10 題)
混合本課與先前課程(第 5、11、13、16、18、20、21、22 課),每題至少用到兩課概念。
11會考情境題(8 題)
融合真實語境,測試在對話、短文與閱讀中正確使用助動詞的能力。
12解答總覽
13本課重點整理(考前 60 秒速覽)
- 助動詞後接原形:can / could / may / might / must / should + 原形(不加 to、-s、-ing)。
- can vs could:can 現在能力,could 過去能力或客氣請求。
- may / might:兩者都可表可能性;might 有時語氣較保留,但不能當成固定機率刻度。
- must not vs don't have to:must not =禁止,don't have to =不必(意思幾乎相反!)。
- must vs have to:must 主觀必須,have to 外部必須;have to 隨主詞變化(has to)。
- must 表推測:根據明確證據表達高度確信,例如 Tom must be home。
- should:表建議,語氣比 must 溫和。
- May I...?:請求許可;Could you...?:客氣請求幫忙。
🔑 一句話記憶口訣:「助動詞後接原形,不加 to 不加 s;must not 是禁止,don't have to 是不必;can 現在 could 過去;should 建議 must 必須。」
14自我檢查
🎉 太棒了!你已通過本課自我檢查。助動詞完整掌握!下一課將學習「Wh- 疑問句與 How 問句」。