📖 第 23 課|can / could / may / might / must / should / have to

國中英文文法暨會考總複習教材・階段五「助動詞與句型」
⭐ 難度:★★★ 🔗 先備:第 2、5、7、11、13、16、18、19、20、21、22 課 🔁 螺旋複習:混合第 5、11、13、16、18、20、21、22 課
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1學習目標

學完這一課,你應該要會:

2先備知識

開始這一課之前,請先確認你已經理解:

3核心概念

① 助動詞家族與用途
• can:能力(會)、請求(可以嗎)
• could:過去能力(曾經會)、客氣請求
• may:許可(可以)、可能性(也許)
• might:較保留、不確定的可能性(也許、有可能)
• must:必須、肯定推測(一定)
• should:建議(應該)
• have to:外部必須(不得不)
② 助動詞後接原形動詞
所有助動詞(can / could / may / might / must / should)後面都接原形動詞:
• She can swim.(不是 can to swim、不是 can swims)
• You should study hard.(不是 should to study)
• He must go now.(不是 must goes、不是 must to go)
🔑 易錯警示:助動詞後面不加 to(can to swim ❌)、不加 -s(can swims ❌)、不加 -ing(can swimming ❌)。have to 裡的 to 是不定詞標記,to 後面接原形動詞。
③ can vs could(能力與請求)
• can 表現在能力:I can speak English.(我會說英文)
• could 表過去能力:When I was five, I could ride a bike.(我五歲時會騎腳踏車)
• Could you...? 比 Can you...? 更客氣:Could you help me?(能幫幫我嗎?)
④ may 表許可;may / might 表可能性
• May I...? 表請求許可(較正式):May I borrow your pen?(我可以借你的筆嗎?)
• may / might 表可能性:It may rain tomorrow.(明天也許會下雨)
• might 常讓語氣較保留、不確定:It might snow.(也許會下雪)
💡 may 和 might 表可能性時經常可以互換;might 有時較保留,但不能只靠「機率高低」判定唯一答案。can 也可表請求許可(Can I...?),語氣比 May I...? 口語、較不正式,兩者文法都成立。
⑤ must vs have to(必須)
• must:主觀認為必須、強烈要求:You must wear a helmet.(你必須戴安全帽)
• have to:外部規定或情況迫使:I have to get up early.(我必須早起——外部因素)
兩者在許多語境中可互換使用,差異主要在語感強弱。
💡 have to 隨主詞變化:I/You/We/They have to,He/She/It has to。must 不隨主詞變化。
⑥ must not vs don't have to(關鍵差異!)
• must not=禁止(不可以):You must not smoke here.(這裡禁止吸菸)
• don't have to=不必(不需要):You don't have to wear a tie.(不必打領帶——不強制)
🔑 這是會考最愛考的陷阱!must not 是「禁止」,don't have to 是「不必」,意思幾乎相反。
⑦ should 表建議
• You should drink more water.(你應該多喝水)
• You shouldn't eat too much candy.(你不應該吃太多糖果)
should 用來給建議或表達「正確的做法」,語氣比 must 溫和。
⑧ must 表肯定推測
根據明確證據做高度確信的推測時,可用 must + 原形動詞:
• The lights are on. Tom must be home.(燈亮著,Tom 一定在家。)
• Amy got the highest score. She must be very happy.(Amy 得到最高分,她一定很開心。)
🔑 推測用的 must not 通常不是「一定不」;初學階段表達強烈否定推測,使用 can't:Tom is in Japan, so he can't be at home.

4句型公式

公式① 助動詞 + 原形動詞

can / could / may / might / must / should + 原形動詞

例如:She can swim. / You should study hard. / He must go now.

公式② 助動詞 + not + 原形動詞(否定)

助動詞 + not + 原形動詞

例如:You must not smoke. / You should not be late. / I can't swim.

公式③ May I / Could you + 原形...?(請求)

May I + 原形...? / Could you + 原形...?

例如:May I borrow your pen? / Could you help me, please?

公式④ have to / has to + 原形動詞

I/You/We/They have to + 原形;He/She/It has to + 原形

例如:I have to go now. / She has to wear a uniform.

公式⑤ must 表肯定推測

明確證據 + must + 原形動詞

例如:The lights are on. Tom must be home.

5基礎例句

規則① can / could 表能力

My sister can swim very well.
我妹妹很會游泳。
文法分析:can 表現在能力,後接原形 swim。
When I was five, I could ride a bike.
我五歲時會騎腳踏車。
文法分析:could 表過去能力,後接原形 ride。
I can't speak French.
我不會說法語。
文法分析:can't = cannot,表不能、不會。

規則② may 表許可;may / might 表可能

May I borrow your pen?
我可以借你的筆嗎?
文法分析:May I...? 表請求許可,後接原形 borrow。
It may rain tomorrow.
明天也許會下雨。
文法分析:may 表可能性,後接原形 rain。
She might come to the party.
她可能會來參加派對。
文法分析:might 表較保留、不確定的可能性,後接原形 come。

規則③ must / have to 表必須

You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorcycle.
騎摩托車時你必須戴安全帽。
文法分析:must 表必須,後接原形 wear。
I have to get up early tomorrow.
我明天必須早起。
文法分析:have to 表外部必須,後接原形 get。
She has to wear a uniform to school.
她必須穿制服上學。
文法分析:She 是三單主詞,have to → has to。

規則④ must not vs don't have to

You must not smoke in the hospital.
醫院裡禁止吸菸。
文法分析:must not 表禁止(不可以)。
You don't have to wear a tie to the party.
派對上不必打領帶。
文法分析:don't have to 表不必(不強制)。
You don't have to pay for the tickets. They are free.
你不必付門票錢,它們是免費的。
文法分析:don't have to 表不必(不強制),不是禁止。

規則⑤ should 表建議

You should drink more water.
你應該多喝水。
文法分析:should 表建議,後接原形 drink。
You shouldn't eat too much candy.
你不應該吃太多糖果。
文法分析:shouldn't = should not,表不應該。
Could you help me with my homework, please?
能請你幫我看功課嗎?
文法分析:Could you...? 表客氣請求,後接原形 help。

規則⑥ must 表肯定推測

The lights are on. Tom must be home.
燈亮著,Tom 一定在家。
文法分析:根據燈亮著的證據,以 must be 表達高度確信的推測。
Amy got the highest score. She must be very happy.
Amy 得到最高分,她一定很開心。
文法分析:根據最高分這項證據,推測 Amy 很開心。
The ground is wet. It must have rained.
地面是溼的,剛才一定下過雨。
文法分析:must have + 過去分詞可推測過去;此例用來辨認語意,本課練習仍以 must + 原形為主。

6正確 vs. 錯誤比較

釐清助動詞最常見的錯誤:後接原形、must not vs don't have to、can vs could。

❌ She can to swim very well. 錯誤原因:助動詞 can 後面接原形動詞,不加 to。
⭕ She can swim very well. can + 原形 swim。
❌ He can swims very fast. 錯誤原因:助動詞 can 後面接原形,不加 -s。
⭕ He can swim very fast. can + 原形 swim(不加 -s)。
❌ You should to study harder. 錯誤原因:助動詞 should 後面接原形動詞,不加 to。
⭕ You should study harder. should + 原形 study。
❌ You must not smoke here. = You don't have to smoke here. 錯誤原因:must not 是「禁止」,don't have to 是「不必」,意思不同。
⭕ You must not smoke here.(禁止)≠ You don't have to smoke here.(不必) must not =不可以;don't have to =不強制。
❌ She have to wear a uniform. 錯誤原因:She 是三單主詞,have to 要改為 has to。
⭕ She has to wear a uniform. 三單主詞 → has to。
❌ May you help me with my homework? 錯誤原因:May 通常用於第一人稱請求許可(May I...?),不用於第二人稱請求幫忙。
⭕ Could you help me with my homework? 請求別人幫忙用 Could you / Can you。
❌ I must studying for the test. 錯誤原因:助動詞 must 後面接原形動詞,不加 -ing。
⭕ I must study for the test. must + 原形 study。

7易混淆觀念

① must not vs don't have to(最重要!)

形式意思例句
must not禁止(不可以)You must not smoke here.
don't have to不必(不強制)You don't have to wear a tie.
🔑 must not 和 don't have to 意思幾乎相反!must not =「不准」,don't have to =「不一定要」。

② must vs have to

助動詞語感隨主詞變化例句
must主觀必須否You must be careful.
have to外部必須是(has to)She has to go now.
💡 兩者在許多語境中可互換使用,差異主要在語感強弱。must 語氣較強,have to 較客觀。

③ can vs could(能力與請求)

用法cancould
能力現在能力過去能力
請求Can you...?(口語)Could you...?(客氣)
例句I can swim.I could swim at age 5.

④ may vs might(可能性)

助動詞常見語氣例句
may中性的可能It may rain tomorrow.
might有時較保留、不確定It might snow in April.
💡 may 和 might 都表可能性,兩者常可互換。might 有時較保留,但不是固定的機率刻度;選擇題若只提供模糊語境,不能用「機率高低」硬分答案。

8判斷技巧:助動詞五步走

  1. 看語意:能力?許可?必須?建議?可能性或高度確信的推測?——對應 can、may、must、should、may/might 或推測用 must。
  2. 看時態:現在能力用 can,過去能力用 could;have to 隨主詞變化(has to)。
  3. 檢查助動詞後接原形:不加 to、不加 -s、不加 -ing。
  4. 分辨 must not 與 don't have to:must not =禁止,don't have to =不必。
  5. 確認請求句型:May I / Can I / Could I 表請求許可;Can you / Could you 表請求幫忙。
🎯 會考實戰心法:助動詞題最愛考三個陷阱——① 後接原形(can to swim ❌ → can swim ⭕)② must not vs don't have to(禁止 vs 不必)③ have to 隨主詞變化(She has to ⭕)。看到助動詞先檢查後面是不是原形,再看 must not / don't have to 的語意差異。

9基礎練習(10 題)

測驗單一概念:助動詞用途、後接原形、may/might、must not vs don't have to、can vs could。

10進階練習(10 題)

混合本課與先前課程(第 5、11、13、16、18、20、21、22 課),每題至少用到兩課概念。

11會考情境題(8 題)

融合真實語境,測試在對話、短文與閱讀中正確使用助動詞的能力。

12解答總覽

13本課重點整理(考前 60 秒速覽)

🔑 一句話記憶口訣:「助動詞後接原形,不加 to 不加 s;must not 是禁止,don't have to 是不必;can 現在 could 過去;should 建議 must 必須。」

14自我檢查

🎉 太棒了!你已通過本課自我檢查。助動詞完整掌握!下一課將學習「Wh- 疑問句與 How 問句」。