📖 第 13 課|過去簡單式

國中英文文法暨會考總複習教材・階段三「時態」
⭐ 難度:★★★ 🔗 先備:第 2、3、4、5、7、8、10、12 課 🔁 螺旋複習:混合第 2、3、4、5、7、8、10、12 課
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1學習目標

學完這一課,你應該要會:

2先備知識

開始這一課之前,請先確認你已經理解:

3核心概念

① 過去簡單式的用途
過去簡單式用來描述「過去某個時間點發生、並且已經結束」的動作或狀態。句中通常有明確的過去時間副詞:yesterday、last night、last week、two days ago、in 2010 等。(注意:this morning 只有在早晨已結束、或上下文明確描述已完成事件時,才常搭配過去式。)
例如:I visited my grandmother yesterday.(我昨天拜訪了奶奶。)
② be 動詞的過去式:was / were
be 動詞的過去式不依動作,而依主詞的單複數:
• 單數主詞(I / he / she / it / 單數名詞)→ was
• 複數主詞(we / you / they / 複數名詞)→ were
例如:I was tired. / They were happy. / The movie was boring.
③ 一般動詞的過去式:規則變化加 -ed
• 一般動詞:直接加 ed。play → played、watch → watched。
• e 結尾:只加 d。like → liked、dance → danced。
• 子音+y 結尾:去 y 加 ied。study → studied、carry → carried。
• 短母音「子音+母音+子音」結尾:雙寫最後子音加 ed。stop → stopped、plan → planned。
• 雙寫的補充規則:單音節短母音結尾通常雙寫(stop → stopped);多音節字通常要末音節重讀才雙寫(prefer → preferred);w、x、y 結尾通常不雙寫(fix → fixed、play → played)。
④ 不規則動詞:需個別記憶
有些常用動詞的過去式不規則,必須熟記。國中常見例子:
go → went、eat → ate、see → saw、have → had、take → took、make → made、come → came、do → did、get → got、write → wrote、give → gave、tell → told、find → found、fall → fell。
🔑 易錯警示:否定句與疑問句使用助動詞 did 時,後面的動詞一定要還原成原形!
❌ He didn't went home. → ⭕ He didn't go home.
❌ Did you saw the movie? → ⭕ Did you see the movie?

4句型公式

公式① be 動詞的過去式

肯定:S + was / were + ...
否定:S + wasn't / weren't + ...
疑問:Was / Were + S + ...?

例如:He was busy. / They weren't at home. / Were you tired?

公式② 一般動詞的過去式

肯定:S + V-ed(或不規則過去式)+ O

例如:She watched TV. / They went to the zoo.

公式③ 否定句(didn't + 原形動詞)

S + didn't + 原形動詞 + O

例如:I didn't see him. / He didn't come.

公式④ 疑問句與簡答(Did + S + 原形動詞)

Did + S + 原形動詞 ...?

簡答:Yes, S + did. 或 No, S + didn't.
例如:Did you finish it? — Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

5基礎例句

規則① 規則動詞加 -ed

We played basketball after school yesterday.
我們昨天放學後打了籃球。
文法分析:yesterday 表過去;play 直接加 ed → played。
My mother cooked a delicious dinner last night.
我媽媽昨晚煮了一頓美味的晚餐。
文法分析:last night 表過去;cook 直接加 ed → cooked。
She studied English for two hours last night.
她昨晚讀了兩小時英文。
文法分析:study 為子音+y 結尾,去 y 加 ied → studied。
The car stopped in front of the school.
車子停在學校前面。
文法分析:stop 為短母音結尾,雙寫 p 加 ed → stopped。

規則② 不規則動詞

We went to the beach last summer.
我們去年夏天去了海邊。
文法分析:last summer 表過去;go 的不規則過去式為 went。
She ate a big breakfast this morning.
她今天早上吃了一頓豐盛的早餐。
文法分析:this morning 表過去;eat 的不規則過去式為 ate。
I saw a great movie last weekend.
我上週末看了一部很棒的電影。
文法分析:last weekend 表過去;see 的不規則過去式為 saw。

規則③ be 動詞的過去式

I was very tired after the long trip.
長途旅行後我非常累。
文法分析:主詞 I 為單數,be 動詞過去式用 was。
They were excited about the concert last night.
他們昨晚對演唱會感到很興奮。
文法分析:主詞 They 為複數,be 動詞過去式用 were。
The weather was perfect for a picnic yesterday.
昨天天氣很適合野餐。
文法分析:主詞 The weather 為單數,用 was。

規則④ 否定句(didn't + 原形動詞)

I didn't finish my homework last night.
我昨晚沒有寫完功課。
文法分析:過去否定用 didn't + 原形動詞 finish。
He didn't come to the party yesterday.
他昨天沒有來參加派對。
文法分析:didn't 後接原形動詞 come,不可用 came。
The children weren't at home last night.
孩子們昨晚不在家。
文法分析:be 動詞過去式否定,複數主詞用 weren't。

規則⑤ 疑問句與簡答(Did + S + 原形動詞)

Did you call me last night? — Yes, I did.
你昨晚打電話給我嗎? — 是的,我打了。
文法分析:過去疑問 Did + S + 原形動詞,簡答用 did。
Did she go to the library yesterday? — No, she didn't.
她昨天去圖書館嗎? — 不,她沒去。
文法分析:Did 後接原形動詞 go,簡答用 didn't。
Was the test difficult? — Yes, it was.
考試難嗎? — 是的,很難。
文法分析:be 動詞過去式疑問 Was + S,簡答用 was。

6正確 vs. 錯誤比較

釐清過去式最常見的錯誤:動詞未改過去式、did 後未還原、拼字錯誤、was/were 不一致。

❌ I go to school yesterday. 錯誤原因:yesterday 表過去,動詞須改過去式。
⭕ I went to school yesterday. go 的不規則過去式為 went。
❌ He didn't went home. 錯誤原因:didn't 後須接原形動詞,不能用過去式。
⭕ He didn't go home. didn't + 原形動詞 go。
❌ Did you saw the movie? 錯誤原因:Did 後須接原形動詞,不能用 saw。
⭕ Did you see the movie? Did + S + 原形動詞 see。
❌ She was watch TV last night. 錯誤原因:was 後須接 V-ing 或過去分詞,不能接原形動詞 watch;主動語態應直接用過去式 watched。(被動語態如 The window was broken. 才是合法的 be + 過去分詞。)
⭕ She watched TV last night. watch 規則加 ed → watched。
❌ They was happy at the party. 錯誤原因:複數主詞 They 須搭配 were。
⭕ They were happy at the party. be 動詞過去式與主詞一致:They → were。
❌ I studyed English last night. 錯誤原因:study 為子音+y 結尾,須去 y 加 ied。
⭕ I studied English last night. 去 y 加 ied → studied。
❌ He stoped the car quickly. 錯誤原因:stop 為短母音結尾,須雙寫 p 再加 ed。
⭕ He stopped the car quickly. 雙寫子音加 ed → stopped。

7易混淆觀念

① 過去簡單式 vs. 現在簡單式

比較項目現在簡單式過去簡單式
時間副詞every day / usually / nowyesterday / last week / ... ago
be 動詞am / is / arewas / were
一般動詞V / V-s / V-esV-ed / 不規則過去式
否定don't / doesn't + 原形didn't + 原形
疑問Do / Does + S + 原形?Did + S + 原形?

② be 動詞 vs. 一般動詞的過去式

句型be 動詞過去式一般動詞過去式
肯定He was happy.He played basketball.
否定He wasn't happy.He didn't play basketball.
疑問Was he happy?Did he play basketball?
💡 判斷訣竅:句中主要動詞若是 be 動詞(was/were),否定疑問直接改 be;若是一般動詞,則借助動詞 did,且主要動詞還原成原形。

③ 規則動詞 -ed 拼字速查

類型規則例子
一般動詞加 edplay → played、watch → watched
e 結尾加 dlike → liked、dance → danced
子音+y 結尾去 y 加 iedstudy → studied、carry → carried
短母音子音結尾雙寫子音加 edstop → stopped、plan → planned

8判斷技巧:解題五步走

  1. 找過去時間副詞:看到 yesterday、last night、last week、two days ago、in 2010 等,即可判斷句子為過去簡單式。(this morning 須在早晨已結束或上下文已完成事件時,才配過去式。)
  2. 判斷 be 動詞或一般動詞:若空格或主要動詞是 be 動詞,用 was / were;若是一般動詞,改用過去式動詞。
  3. 一般動詞:規則或是不規則:規則動詞依拼字規則加 -ed;不規則動詞查表(go → went、eat → ate、see → saw)。
  4. 否定與疑問:did / didn't + 原形動詞:使用助動詞 did 時,主要動詞務必還原成原形,不可用過去式。
  5. 核對主詞與 was / were 一致:單數主詞用 was,複數主詞用 were,不可混淆。
🎯 會考實戰心法:過去式題目最愛考三個陷阱——① 時間副詞是過去但動詞未改 ② did / didn't 後未還原動詞 ③ 規則動詞拼字(study → studied、stop → stopped)。看到選項有 didn't went、Did you saw,幾乎可直接刪去。

9基礎練習(10 題)

測驗單一概念:規則與不規則動詞、was/were、-ed 拼字、否定疑問結構。

10進階練習(10 題)

混合本課與先前課程(第 2、3、4、5、7、8、10、12 課),每題至少用到兩課概念。

11會考情境題(8 題)

融合真實語境,測試在對話、日記與閱讀中正確使用過去簡單式的能力。

12解答總覽

13本課重點整理(考前 60 秒速覽)

🔑 一句話記憶口訣:「過去時間用過去,be 動詞 was/were;一般動詞加 ed,did 後一定要還原。」

14自我檢查

🎉 太棒了!你已通過本課自我檢查。過去簡單式完整掌握!下一課將學習過去進行式。